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Dispute Settlement

U.S. Trade Remedy Law: The Canadian Experience

VII  Free Trade Agreement and North American Free Trade Agreement Chapter 19 Dispute Settlement, 1989–2000

In negotiating the Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement, one of Canada’s major objectives was the establishment of a system for the binational review of “unfair” trade cases. The intention was to establish a less costly, more expeditious means for parties to appeal the results of unfair trade investigations. Originally Canada had sought the elimination of the use of anti-dumping (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) laws within North America. However, the United States could not agree. Chapter 19 of the FTA was the compromise.

The FTA was superseded by the NAFTA on January 1, 1994. Chapter 19 of the NAFTA is largely derived from the provisions contained in Chapter 19 of the FTA. It provides for a system of binational panel review as an alternative to domestic judicial review for final decisions regarding anti-dumping and countervailing duty matters. The main elements of the chapter are its binding nature, the standard of review to be used, and the procedure for establishing a panel.

NAFTA Chapter 19 extends (on a trilateral basis) the FTA review procedures for CVD and AD determinations, and makes these provisions permanent. Under the FTA, Chapter 19 was understood to be a temporary provision.

Under NAFTA sections 1901(3) and 1902, each country retains its current domestic CVD and AD laws, and the right to apply them to goods of the other parties to the agreement. Any future amendments to these laws must be in conformity with the WTO Anti-Dumping and Subsidies agreements. Binational reviews simply decide whether CVD and AD laws were applied in conformity with the domestic laws of the country concerned.

To begin the process, one of the parties must request a Panel Review. The request must be made within 30 days of publication of a final determination. Only final determinations are subject to review. A NAFTA party must seek a review if it is requested by a domestic private party that would have standing to bring a case in a domestic court. Once the decision is made to have a Chapter 19 Panel Review, the determination cannot then be subject to domestic judicial review in either country concerned.

NAFTA provisions require the establishment of a roster of panellists who serve when one country wishes to review a CVD or an AD decision of any other country to the agreement. From this roster (while a panellist need not be chosen from the roster, a panelling normally should be), five panellists are normally chosen by involved Parties to review a CVD or AD decision. Their decision is final and binding on the parties, subject to an extraordinary challenge. A panel may uphold a final determination or remand it for changes that the panel feels are necessary. In other words, the panel has no jurisdiction to overturn decisions; it can only refer the matter back to the investigating authority.

An Extraordinary Challenge proceeding is heard before a panel of three retired judges from the countries involved in the dispute. This procedure was designed to allow further appellate review for cases of gross misconduct, bias or serious conflict of interest on the part of the panel. A review can be requested only by a government. In a case of violation, the decision will either be remanded to the original panel or vacated. If the decision is vacated, a new panel will be chosen.

FTA/NAFTA Chapter 19 Disputes Canadian Decisions

Acronyms

CCRA     Canada Customs and Revenue Agency
CITT       Canadian International Trade Tribunal

ReferenceProduct and Decision ChallengedResults
CDA-89-1904-01POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Terminated
CDA-90-1904-01CERTAIN INDUCTION MOTORS FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Review—Injury)Affirmed
CDA-91-1904-01CERTAIN BEER FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Duties amended
CDA-91-1904-02CERTAIN BEER FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Affirmed
CDA-92-1904-01CERTAIN CARPETING FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Duties amended
CDA-92-1904-02CERTAIN CARPETING FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Affirmed
CDA-93-1904-01GYPSUM BOARD FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Duties amended
CDA-93-1904-02GYPSUM BOARD FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Terminated
CDA-93-1904-03TOMATO PASTE FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Terminated
CDA-93-1904-04STEEL PLATE FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)No decision (consolidated with CDA-93-1904-06)
CDA-93-1904-05HOT-ROLLED STEEL FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)No decision (consolidated with CDA-93-1904-07)
CDA-93-1904-06STEEL PLATE FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Negative Injury)Affirmed
CDA-93-1904-07HOT-ROLLED STEEL FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Negative Injury)Affirmed
CDA-93-1904-08COLD-ROLLED STEEL FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Duties Amended
CDA-93-1904-09COLD-ROLLED STEEL FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Affirmed
CDA-93-1904-10PIPE FITTINGS FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Terminated
CDA-93-1904-11PIPE FITTINGS FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Affirmed
CDA-93-1904-12PIPE INSULATION FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Terminated
CDA-93-1904-13PIPE INSULATION FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury )Dismissed
CDA-94-1904-01APPLES FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Terminated
CDA-94-1904-02BALER TWINE FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Affirmed
CDA-94-1904-03CORROSION-RESISTANT STEEL FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Duties amended
CDA-94-1904-04CORROSION-RESISTANT STEEL FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Affirmed
CDA-95-1904-01CERTAIN MALT BEVERAGES FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Rescission)Affirmed
CDA-95-1904-02APPLES FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Terminated
CDA-95-1904-03CERTAIN CARPETING FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Redetermination)Terminated
CDA-95-1904-04REFINED SUGAR FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Duties amended
CDA-96-1904-01CULTURE MEDIA FROM THE UNITED STATES (Revenue Canada—Dumping)Terminated
CDA-97-1904-01CONCRETE PANELS FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Affirmed
CDA-97-1904-02STEEL PLATE FROM MEXICO (CITT-Injury)Affirmed
CDA-98-1904-01BABY FOOD FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Affirmed
CDA-98-1904-02COLD-ROLLED STEEL FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Rescission)Affirmed
CDA-98-1904-03PIPE FITTINGS FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Rescission)Affirmed
CDA-99-1904-01STEEL PLATE FROM MEXICO (CITT—Corrigendum to Injury Finding)To be determined
CDA-20-1904-01CONTRAST MEDIA FROM THE UNITED STATES (CCRA—Dumping)Suspended
CDA-20-1904-02CONTRAST MEDIA FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Suspended
CDA-20-1904-03APPLIANCES FROM THE UNITED STATES (CCRA—Dumping)Suspended
CDA-20-1904-04APPLIANCES FROM THE UNITED STATES (CITT—Injury)Active

FTA/NAFTA Chapter 19 Disputes
U.S. Decisions

ReferenceProduct and Decision ChallengedResults
USA-89-1904-01RED RASPBERRIES FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-89-1904-02REPLACEMENT PARTS FOR SELF-PROPELLED BITUMINOUS PAVING EQUIPMENT FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Affirmed
USA-89-1904-03REPLACEMENT PARTS FOR SELF-PROPELLED BITUMINOUS PAVING EQUIPMENT FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Affirmed
USA-89-1904-04DRIED, HEAVY SALTED CODFISH FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Terminated
USA-89-1904-05 (Consolidated with USA-89-1904-03)REPLACEMENT PARTS FOR SELF-PROPELLED BITUMINOUS PAVING EQUIPMENT FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Terminated (consolidated with 1904-03)
USA-89-1904-06FRESH, CHILLED AND FROZEN PORK FROM CANADA (Commerce—Countervail)Duties amended
USA-89-1904-07NEW STEEL RAIL, EXCEPT LIGHT RAIL, FROM CANADA (Commerce—Countervail)Duties amended
USA-89-1904-08NEW STEEL RAIL, EXCEPT LIGHT RAIL, FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Affirmed
USA-89-1904-09/-10NEW STEEL RAILS FROM CANADA (ITC—Injury)Affirmed
USA-89-1904-11FRESH, CHILLED OR FROZEN PORK FROM CANADA (ITC—Injury)Affirmed
USA-90-1904-01REPLACEMENT PARTS FOR SELF-PROPELLED BITUMINOUS PAVING EQUIPMENT FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-90-1904-02OIL COUNTRY TUBULAR GOODS FROM CANADA (Commerce—Scope Determination)Terminated
USA-90-1904-03SHEET PILING FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Terminated
USA-91-1904-01OIL COUNTRY TUBULAR GOODS FROM CANADA (Commerce—Scope Determination)Terminated
USA-91-1904-02IRON CONSTRUCTION CASTINGS FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Terminated
USA-91-1904-03LIVE SWINE FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Countervail)Duties amended
USA-91-1904-04LIVE SWINE FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Countervail)Duties amended
USA-91-1904-05REPLACEMENT PARTS FOR SELF-PROPELLED BITUMINOUS PAVING EQUIPMENT FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Terminated
USA-92-1904-01CERTAIN SOFTWOOD LUMBER PRODUCTS FROM CANADA (Commerce—Countervail )Decision overturned
USA-92-1904-02CERTAIN SOFTWOOD LUMBER PRODUCTS FROM CANADA (ITC—Injury)Dismissed
USA-92-1904-03PURE AND ALLOY MAGNESIUM FROM CANADA (Commerce—Countervail)Duties amended
USA-92-1904-04PURE AND ALLOY MAGNESIUM FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Affirmed
USA-92-1904-05/-06MAGNESIUM FROM CANADA (ITC—Injury)Affirmed
USA-93-1904-01CERTAIN COLD-ROLLED CARBON STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Terminated
USA-93-1904-02CERTAIN HOT ROLLED CARBON STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-93-1904-03CERTAIN CORROSION-RESISTANT CARBON STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-93-1904-04CERTAIN CUT-TO-LENGTH CARBON STEEL PLATE FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-93-1904-05CERTAIN CORROSION-RESISTANT CARBON STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS FROM CANADA (ITC—Injury)Affirmed
USA-94-1904-01LIVE SWINE FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Countervail)Duties amended
USA-94-1904-02LEATHER APPAREL FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Countervail)Duties amended
USA-93-1904-02CERTAIN HOT ROLLED CARBON STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-93-1904-03CERTAIN CORROSION-RESISTANT CARBON STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-93-1904-04CERTAIN CUT-TO-LENGTH CARBON STEEL PLATE FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-93-1904-05CERTAIN CORROSION-RESISTANT CARBON STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS FROM CANADA (ITC—Injury)Affirmed
USA-94-1904-01LIVE SWINE FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Countervail)>Duties amended
USA-94-1904-02LEATHER APPAREL FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Countervail)Duties amended
USA-95-1904-01COOKWARE FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-95-1904-02CEMENT FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Affirmed
USA-95-1904-03COLOUR PICTURE TUBES FROM CANADA (Commerce—Decision Not to Revoke)Affirmed
USA-95-1904-04OIL COUNTRY TUBULAR GOODS FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-95-1904-05FLOWERS FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Affirmed
USA-96-1904-01COOKWARE FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Terminated
USA-97-1904-02CEMENT FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Affirmed
USA-97-1904-03CORROSION-RESISTANT STEEL FROM CANADA Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-97-1904-04MAGNESIUM FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Countervail)Terminated
USA-97-1904-05COOKWARE FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Terminated
USA-97-1904-06PIPE AND TUBE FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Terminated
USA-97-1904-07COOKWARE FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-97-1904-08WIRE ROD FROM CANADA (Commerce—Countervail)Terminated
USA-98-1904-01BRASS SHEET AND STRIP FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Duties amended
USA-99-1904-01CORROSION-RESISTANT STEEL FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Terminated
USA-99-1904-02STEEL PLATE FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Terminated
USA-99-1904-04STAINLESS WIRE FROM CANADA (Commerce—Dumping)Terminated
USA-99-1904-06CATTLE FROM CANADA (Commerce—Countervail)Terminated
USA-99-1904-07CATTLE FROM CANADA (ITC—Injury)Terminated
USA-20-1904-02CORROSION-RESISTANT STEEL FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Terminated
USA-98-1904-01CORROSION-RESISTANT STEEL FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Active (Feb. 2001)
USA-98-1904-02CEMENT FROM MEXICO AND FROM CANADA (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Active
USA-98-1904-04COOKWARE FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Active
USA-98-1904-05PIPE FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Scope Ruling)Active
USA-99-1904-03CEMENT FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Active
USA-99-1904-05COOKWARE FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Active
USA-20-1904-01STEEL PLATE FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Active
USA-20-1904-03CEMENT FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Active (Feb. 2001)
USA-20-1904-04COOKWARE FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Active (April 2001)
USA-20-1904-05CEMENT FROM MEXICO (Commerce—Admin. Review—Dumping)Active (May 2001)
USA-20-1904-06MAGNESIUM FROM CANADA (Commerce—Sunset Review—Dumping)Active (June 2001)
USA-20-1904-07MAGNESIUM FROM CANADA (Commerce—Sunset Review—Countervail)Active (June 2001)
USA-20-1904-09MAGNESIUM FROM CANADA (ITC—Sunset Review—Injury)Active (July 2001)
USA-20-1904-10CEMENT FROM MEXICO (ITC—Sunset Review—Injury)Active (Oct. 2001)
USA-20-1904-11STEEL (CORROSION-RESISTANT) FROM CANADA (ITC—Sunset Review—Injury)Active (Nov. 2001)

NAFTA Chapter 19 Disputes
Mexican Decisions

Acronym

SECOFI    Ministry of Trade and Industrial Development

ReferenceProduct and Decision ChallengedResults
MEX-94-1904-01FLAT COATED STEEL FROM THE UNITED STATES (SECOFI—Dumping)Duties amended
MEX-94-1904-02STEEL PLATE FROM THE UNITED STATES (SECOFI—Dumping)Duties amended
MEX-94-1904-03CRYSTAL FROM THE UNITED STATES (SECOFI—Dumping)Affirmed
MEX-95-1904-01PIPE FROM THE UNITED STATES (SECOFI—Dumping)Terminated
MEX-96-1904-01COLD-ROLLED STEEL FROM CANADA (SECOFI—Dumping)Terminated
MEX-96-1904-02STEEL PLATE FROM CANADA (SECOFI—Dumping)Duties amended
MEX-96-1904-03HOT-ROLLED STEEL FROM CANADA (SECOFI—Dumping)Duties amended
MEX-97-1904-01PEROXIDE FROM THE UNITED STATES (SECOFI—Countervail)Terminated
MEX-99-1904-01HOT-ROLLED STEEL FROM THE UNITED STATES (SECOFI—Dumping)Terminated
MEX-99-1904-02ROLLED STEEL PLATE FROM THE UNITED STATES (SECOFI—Dumping)Terminated
MEX-98-1904-01HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP FROM THE UNITED STATES (SECOFI—Dumping)Active (Feb. 2001)
MEX-20-1904-01UREA FROM THE UNITED STATES (SECOFI—Dumping)Active (Mar. 2001)
MEX-20-1904-02BOVINE CARCASSES FROM THE UNITED STATES (SECOFI—Dumping)Active (Apr. 2001)