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Voices at Risk: Canada’s Guidelines on Supporting Human Rights Defenders

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Introduction

Canadians care about human rights. They expect their government to help build respect for human rights at home and around the world.

Promoting respect for human rights is at the heart of Canada’s international policies and engagement. Canada works multilaterally, bilaterally and through international trade, development and consular assistance, to strengthen the rules-based international order that protects universal human rights, democracy and respect for the rule of law. The Government of Canada pursues these objectives by working closely with other governments, Indigenous peoples, civil society, international organizations and the private sector. Canada will continue to seek the promotion and protection of universal human rights, and to support those who work for their realization. All individuals shall have the equal protection of the law, including the universal rights to exercise their freedom of opinion and expression, peaceful assembly and association, online as well as offline.

Canada recognizes the key role played by human rights defenders in protecting and promoting human rights and strengthening the rule of law, often at great risk to themselves, their families and communities, and to the organizations and movements they often represent. Canada has a strong tradition of supporting these brave people in communities around the world as they hold governments and companies to account and keep respect for human rights alive. These are individuals who stand up for others who face discrimination — often at their peril.

Canada’s Guidelines on Supporting Human Rights Defenders (the Guidelines) is a clear statement of Canada’s commitment to supporting the vital work of human rights defenders. The Guidelines outline Canada’s approach and offer practical advice for officials at Canadian missions abroad and at Headquarters to promote respect for and support human rights defenders. Missions should do their utmost to implement these Guidelines, recognizing that each approach should be tailored to local contexts and circumstances, and respond to the specific needs of individual human rights defenders. Section 4 of these Guidelines provides detailed guidance for Canada’s diplomatic missions.

The Guidelines reflect the experience gained over the years by Canadian representatives working across the globe to support human rights defenders and are informed by the work and advice of Canadian civil society organizations. The 2016 edition of the Guidelines has been updated to reflect Canada’s feminist foreign policy, including an understanding that human rights defenders—and in particular women and LGBTI human rights defenders—have intersecting identities (such as race, age, disability, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation and gender identity), and experience numerous and concurring forms of discrimination, harassment and marginalization. Specific guidance has been developed to better recognize the different experiences lived by human rights defenders belonging to one or more specific identifiable groups that face discrimination, in various contexts, including: women human rights defenders, LGBTI human rights defenders, Indigenous human rights defenders, land and environment rights defenders, disability rights defenders, youth human rights defenders, freedom of religion or belief human rights defenders, journalists, and human rights defenders in online and digital contexts (see Section 7 - Annexes). These groups are neither exhaustive nor mutually exclusive, nor hierarchical. The annexes should be read in conjunction and complementarity to one another, and to the guidance provided in the core document, recognizing that human rights defenders often have multiple and overlapping identities and experiences.

The Guidelines reflect Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy, which recognizes the particular importance of supporting the protection of women’s human rights defenders, as well as Canada’s Policy for Civil Society Partnerships for International Assistance—A Feminist Approach, which recognizes the need to facilitate a safe and enabling environment for civil society, including human rights defenders and women’s, LGBTI, and youth organizations and networks, as well as representatives of Indigenous peoples. The Guidelines also reinforce the Government of Canada’s expectation that Canadian companies operating abroad have a responsibility to respect human rights.

Canada’s approach to supporting human rights defenders is based on these key values:

  • Human rights are universal and inalienable; indivisible; interdependent and interrelated.
  • Do no harm—the safety and privacy of the human rights defenders are paramount.
  • Consent—actions on specific cases should be taken with the free, full, and informed consent of the human rights defenders in question, wherever possible, or of their representatives or families, in the alternative.

The ultimate goal is to ensure that Canada continues to provide effective support to people around the world who work for human rights, by helping human rights defenders to be more effective advocates, ensuring they are able to carry out their work in a safe and enabled environment, and protecting them from harm. Human rights defenders help defend the vital and fundamental human rights that we all enjoy. We need to continue to be strong advocates for them.

1. Human rights context

1.1 Who are human rights defenders?

Human rights defenders are people who act to promote or protect human rights. Credit: Shutterstock
Human rights defenders are people who act to promote or protect human rights. Credit: Shutterstock

The term Human Rights Defenders (HRDs) refers to people who, individually or with others, act to promote or protect human rights through peaceful means, such as by documenting and calling attention to violations or abuses by governments, businesses, individuals or groups.

HRDs are identified above all by what they do. Many defenders do not identify themselves as such. Many begin by merely attempting to exercise their rights in the face of adversity and then take on an advocacy role. HRDs can be individuals of any background – community members, Indigenous leaders, workers, activists, students, business executives, journalists, and whistleblowers, for example. They can act as HRDs in a professional or non-professional context, and on a paid or voluntary basis. Whether they have notoriety is irrelevant. What matters is whether and how those individuals act to support human rights.

HRDs sometimes focus on specific categories of rights or the rights of specific persons. They may seek to promote and protect civil and political rights, as well as economic, social and cultural rights. They may also promote and protect the rights of specific groups: women, children, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) persons, persons with disabilities, Indigenous peoples, refugees, migrants and internally displaced persons, individuals belonging to religious, ethnic or linguistic minorities, or focus on specific themes such as labour rights, or rights related to land, natural resource management and the environment, and democratic governance, for example. They can also raise concerns about emerging issues, including in the areas of digital technologies and online activity.

HRDs must exercise their activities peacefully. Individuals or groups, who commit, propagate or condone acts of violence or discrimination—including through advocacy of hatred and incitement to violence—are not considered HRDs.

1.2 Role of human rights defenders in improving human rights

HRDs play an important role in the promotion and protection of human rights at the local, national, regional and international levels, including by collecting and disseminating information, by calling attention to violations by states of their obligations to promote and respect human rights, and by highlighting abuses of human rights by other actors.

HRDs are active in every part of the world: in states divided by armed conflict as well as in stable states; in states that are non-democratic as well as those that adhere strongly to democratic principles; and in both developing and developed economies. They are also active in transnational spaces through online and digital activities.

The work of HRDs can bring many benefits to their communities, from helping to make governments more accountable and fighting impunity, to protecting vulnerable communities from harm and providing assistance to victims, to enhancing respect for rights related to economic participation. Their work is a fundamental pillar of the international human rights system and is critical to inclusive, safe and prosperous societies.

“When human rights defenders are threatened the principles of the United Nations are under attack. Human rights defenders are a great asset in enhancing our work to sustaining peace and sustainable development. These individuals and organizations are often the first to set off alarm bells and provide us with early warnings of impending crises, and they are key actors in the development of potential solutions in all areas of life. Let us embrace and support human rights defenders everywhere so they can continue to do their essential work.” Remarks by the UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres to the General Assembly, 18 December 2018

1.3 Risks and threats to human rights defenders

The work of HRDs and civil society organizations can be dangerous. They are often subject to intimidation, threats, job loss and restrictions on their freedoms of movement, expression, association and assembly. In many countries, HRDs are increasingly at risk of violence, harassment and human rights abuses and violations including enforced disappearance, extrajudicial killing, arbitrary arrest or detention, unlawful imprisonment, torture, sexual violence and unfair trials. Individuals from vulnerable and marginalized groups are particularly at risk, including women, LGBTI people, and Indigenous peoples. For example, the challenges and threats faced by women HRDs may be greater and different in nature than those faced by male HRDs. HRDs with intersecting identities experience heightened and specific risks. The Annexes provide additional information on the risks faced by different groups.

In both democratic and non-democratic states, many governments seek to stifle civil society and jeopardize the work of HRDs, both online and offline, including by: enacting new legislation and regulations that limit the full enjoyment of fundamental rights and freedoms; imposing restrictions on civil society or media organizations, such as by taking away their legal status; criminalizing peaceful social protests; discriminating openly against individuals from marginalized and vulnerable groups; and using increasingly harsh tactics of intimidation, unlawful and arbitrary surveillance, threats and reprisals.

Non-state actors, such as businesses, individuals and groups, including criminal organizations or terrorist groups, may also target HRDs because of their work, often with the approval of governments, whether tacit or explicit. For example, in contexts where the activities of private enterprises are challenged by community members or corruption is being exposed, HRDs may be subject to targeted attacks to silence opposition and halt their work.

The impact of such violations and abuses on the individuals themselves, on their families and communities, and on respect for human rights and the rule of law overall, is profound. Attacks against HRDs are attacks against everyone’s human rights.

“Since the adoption of the Declaration (on human rights defenders in 1998), at least 3,500 human rights defenders have been killed for their role in the struggle for human rights. Countless other human rights defenders have suffered all forms of indignities and abuses.” Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, 23 July 2018

According to Front Line Defenders Global Analysis 2018, 321 human rights defenders in 27 countries were targeted and killed for their work in 2018. More than three-quarters of these were defending land, environmental or Indigenous peoples’ rights, often in the context of extractive industries and mega projects. At least 49% of those killed had previously received a specific death threat. In addition to physical attacks, the report highlights a continuing trend of restrictive legislation aimed at stifling human rights defenders.

1.4 International Framework

 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2018. Credit: UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2018. Credit: UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner

The main international documents and instruments for the protection of HRDs include:

Core International Human Rights Treaties and Monitoring Bodies

* Canada has not ratified these treaties.

The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, adopted by consensus by all UN member States in 1998, is a key milestone in recognizing the important work carried out by HRDs, as well as the need to create a safe and enabling environment, and to provide them with protection. It recognizes the legitimacy of their activities, defining HRDs by what they do—promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms through peaceful means—regardless of sex, gender, age, race, colour, religion, national or social origin, or any other grounds of discrimination. It also sets out that internationally recognized human rights, such as the rights to freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and association, are cornerstone principles of their work.

“Everyone has the right, individually and in association with others, to promote and to strive for the

protection and realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms at the national and international levels.” UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, article 1

The UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders is mandated to work with countries in support of the implementation of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and to gather information on HRDs around the world. The Special Rapporteur presents annual reports to the UN Human Rights Council and the General Assembly on particular topics, undertakes country visits and raises individual cases of concern with governments. Canada strongly supports the work of the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders.

2. Canada’s approach to supporting human rights defenders internationally

Canadian passport. Credit: Shutterstock
Canadian passport. Credit: Shutterstock

Canada’s support for HRDs takes many forms and responds to changing needs:

  1. Working in multilateral forums to strengthen international rules and norms, and advocate for open civic space and human rights;
  2. Engaging with local authorities through bilateral diplomacy;
  3. Leveraging partnerships with other countries, civil society, Indigenous peoples and the private sector, including Canadian business interests abroad, and building capacity, including through funding for human rights organizations; and
  4. Promoting responsible business conduct.

Global Affairs Canada works with HRDs and local, regional and international human rights organizations through its officials at Headquarters and at its missions abroad. This active cooperation helps to inform Canada’s human rights policies, priorities and activities internationally.

A state’s ability to address each HRD case through its diplomatic corps can be constrained by various factors. This is why Canada works collaboratively with a variety of partners and stakeholders in support of HRDs.

2.1 Engaging through multilateral institutions

Canada engages with multilateral institutions, such as the United Nations, to promote human rights internationally. Credit: Shutterstock
Canada engages with multilateral institutions, such as the United Nations, to promote human rights internationally. Credit: Shutterstock

Through its engagement in multilateral forums, Canada helps to strengthen and maintain respect for the rules-based international order and the promotion of human rights. Canada also uses these fora to advocate strongly for the protection of HRDs. This includes support to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and efforts to ensure that civil society and representatives of Indigenous peoples have the opportunity to participate in multilateral human rights forums as partners and stakeholders in constructive dialogue, without fear of reprisals.

The UN’s human rights institutions play a vital role in setting standards, monitoring conditions and encouraging and supporting states to meet their obligations. One of the key UN institutions is the Human Rights Council (HRC). Through the HRC’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism, Canada makes constructive recommendations to all UN Member States to improve human rights promotion and protection, and to fulfill the commitments they made previously through the UPR or on the basis of their treaty obligations. The UPR also provides an opportunity for Canada to assess its human rights situation, through identifying strengths and recognizing challenges where improvements are needed.

Canada supports resolutions at the HRC and at the UN General Assembly that seek to promote and protect the rights of HRDs. Moreover, Canada engages in dialogue and delivers statements in those fora to express its support for HRDs. Canada also supports the active participation of civil society organizations and HRDs at the UN, and seeks areas for collaboration.

In addition, Canada actively participates in the Community of Democracies to advance democracy internationally through diplomacy, advocacy and information-sharing, including by addressing restrictive laws and regulations that stifle civil society, as well as calling attention to issues such as media freedom and safety of journalists. During Canada’s G7 Presidency in 2018, the G7 Rapid Response Mechanism was announced, with a mandate to strengthen coordination to prevent, thwart and respond to malign and evolving threats to G7 democracies.

“Attacks against human rights defenders are attacks against everyone’s human rights. No one should ever be threatened or face violence for peacefully promoting human rights, or expressing ideas and opinions. We urge Member States to halt attacks on human rights defenders and to provide them with a safe space to carry out their work. In all regions. In all sectors of activities.” Canada’s address to the UN General Assembly High Level Plenary Meeting on the 20th Anniversary of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, 18 December 2018

2.2 Advancing advocacy through Canada’s bilateral relations

Through bilateral dialogue and its network of missions, Canada engages with local authorities on an ongoing basis to underscore the obligation of states to protect all individuals in their territory and subject to their jurisdiction, including HRDs. Canada may also issue public statements, deliver speeches and use social media or diplomatic démarches in support of HRDs, alone or in partnership with other countries, when such advocacy is not expected to put the safety of HRDs at risk.

2.3 Leveraging partnerships and building capacity, including through funding

Canada regularly seeks opportunities to help build the capacity of civil society organizations, Indigenous peoples, the private sector and local governments, through sharing expertise, experience and technical assistance. This can take many forms, including multi-year funding for key human rights groups, multi-stakeholder engagement to advance awareness of responsible business conduct standards, targeted contributions that Canada’s diplomatic missions offer to grassroots groups for training courses, seminars and other initiatives. Canada also supports human rights education internationally in partnership with Canadian organizations and assists organizations that provide emergency assistance needs. A principal objective is to build bridges between human rights partners and stakeholders.

  • Canada has provided $1.75 million since 2016, and will continue to support the work of the Lifeline Project, which helps protect HRDs when they are threatened, as well as $800k in 2017 to the HIVOS Digital Defenders Program, to coordinate emergency support and provide security for bloggers, independent journalists, (cyber) activists, HRDs and other civil society activists.
  • Through the Women’s Voice and Leadership Program , announced as part of Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy in June 2017, Canada allocates $150 million over five years to respond to the needs of local women’s organizations working to advance the rights of women and girls in developing countries.
  • In May 2018, Canada issued a call to action to civil society, philanthropists and the private sector to collaborate in setting up a new partnership to help address the funding gap faced by women’s organizations and movement with a primary mandate to advance women’s rights, gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls in developing countries. Canada is committing up to $300 million to this new funding initiative.
  • One of the key objectives of Canada’s 2017-2022 National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security is to increase the meaningful participation of women, women’s organizations and networks, including Indigenous women, in conflict prevention, conflict resolution, and post-conflict state building, which includes supporting the efforts of women HRDs in conflict and post-conflict contexts.

2.4 Promoting responsible business conduct

Canada recognizes the key role played by businesses in protecting and promoting human rights and strengthening the rule of law. Canada has recently released guidance recognizing the key role that the private sector can play to support HRDs: Private Sector Support for Human Rights Defenders: A Primer for Canadian Businesses. This guidance outlines some measures that businesses can take to protect human rights, and to prevent and respond to issues facing HRDs.

Canada adheres to internationally recognized standards and guidelines of responsible business conduct that recall business’ responsibility to respect all human rights, such as the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights, and encourages Canadian companies to do the same. Canada works with a range of interlocutors to promote responsible business conduct and provides funding to numerous related projects and initiatives in countries around the world.

Canada works with other governments, civil society partners, Indigenous peoples, the private sector, and local stakeholders to enhance capacity to responsibly and sustainably manage natural resources, from an inclusive and human-rights based perspective, which includes respecting the rights and role of HRDs. In particular, Canada works to advance international standards and guidelines to improve performance by all actors involved natural resources management through the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals, and Sustainable Development (IGF), the OECD Responsible Business Conduct Forum, the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights Initiative, and the UN Forum on Business and Human Rights.

Canada’s Trade Commissioner Service also works to inform and support Canadian businesses with respect to their legal obligations under the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, and promote Canadian industry standards for responsible business such as the Mining Association of Canada’s Towards Sustainable Mining and the Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada’s e3 Plus: Framework for Responsible Exploration.

3. Guidelines to support human rights defenders for diplomatic missions

Human rights are universal. Credit: Shutterstock
Human rights are universal. Credit: Shutterstock

Support for HRDs is a priority issue for Canada’s diplomatic missions. The following section sets out tools and measures that missions can take to support HRDs, including:

  1. Mapping, information gathering and reporting
  2. Relationship building, regular contact and information exchange with HRDs
  3. Enhancing the visibility of HRDs
  4. Recognizing efforts through awards
  5. Building capacity and providing funding to HRDs
  6. Fostering effective HRDs’ support networks
  7. Engaging with local authorities
  8. Cooperating with key regional and international actors
  9. Attending trials and hearings, and visiting detained HRDs
  10. Making public statements and using social media
  11. Supporting emergency assistance needs
  12. Promoting responsible business conduct

A few key principles should be considered at all times.

  • Leadership and coherence: Heads of Mission are responsible for the promotion of human rights, inclusion and respect for diversity in their countries of accreditation, including efforts to support HRDs. Officers from different sections of the mission may encounter HRDs in their work, for example in development programming, export control evaluations or consular prison visits. As a best practice, a focal point for HRDs should be designated within the mission to provide leadership and coherence of approaches across different programs. All sections of the mission should share relevant information on HRDs and their political contexts, as appropriate. Missions are also encouraged to provide advice to and seek guidance from specialists at Headquarters (Human Rights and Indigenous Affairs Policy Division, geographic bureau, and other units as appropriate) and from civil society organizations working with HRDs, to ensure their approach to supporting HRDs is considered and effective. When confronted with urgent situations, necessary actions should be taken, drawing on these Guidelines.
  • Do no harm: The Guidelines are to be used in a manner that respects the well-being and privacy of HRDs. This applies to decisions about case management, as well as to the sharing of information with partners and with the public. For example, visible support for HRDs and direct contact with foreign authorities may not be the best approach in all instances.
  • Consent: HRDs are best placed to evaluate their own situation and recommend what forms of support may be helpful to them, recognizing that situations may evolve, sometimes rapidly. Actions on specific cases should be taken with the free, full and informed consent of the HRD in question, wherever possible, or, that of their representative or families, in the alternative. The HRD or their representative, families or colleagues should also be kept informed of actions taken on their behalf.
  • Managed approach: Key elements of a successful approach to supporting HRDs include strategic analysis (including gender-based analysis +), timely action and cooperation with other supporters. A managed approach is typically most effective, with greater emphasis on informal, working-level interventions in the early stages, and increasing emphasis on higher-level, formal interventions as a critical situation evolves. Public interventions, when they are helpful, are most often considered following the pursuit of diplomatic engagement.
  • Safety of mission personnel: The safety and security of mission personnel must be borne in mind when considering approaches for supporting HRDs. Risks should be assessed on a case-by-case basis prior to engaging in advocacy, so that they can be weighed against the potential benefit of taking action.
  • Intersectionality, specific groups and contexts: HRDs may face particular obstacles because they belong to an identifiable group that faces discrimination in a given country. For example, the challenges and threats faced by women HRDs may be greater and different in nature than those faced by HRDs who are men. Activities mediated through digital technologies also bring with them particular considerations for the protection of HRDs. These differences in groups and contexts must be taken into account when considering an appropriate approach to a given case. Missions should consult the relevant Annexes included in these Guidelines for additional guidance (see section 7).
  • Each situation is unique: No single template can be applied when taking action to support HRDs at risk. The Guidelines should therefore be interpreted in the context of local circumstances and conditions on the ground, and in consultation with Headquarters. The various tools for raising awareness, building capacity and intervention should not be considered mutually exclusive and should be used in conjunction with other approaches. They are intended to serve as a checklist to ensure that key steps are considered and that appropriate officials are kept informed in a timely manner.

3.1 Mapping, information gathering and reporting

Canada’s ability to help build capacity and support effective responses to urgent situations depends on the understanding and documentation of evolving contexts and individual cases. A “mapping” exercise can be undertaken to identify human rights organizations and defenders: who they are, whether they are part of a national or international network, and risks they face—with an understanding of the diversity of HRDs and contexts in which they work (missions should refer to the Annexes for guidance on specific groups and contexts).

In assessing the conditions under which HRDs work, missions should consider: if issues and risks are emblematic of particular practices (e.g. restrictions on the exercise of freedom of expression or peaceful assembly—in law or in practice); systemic causes and new and emerging threats; the volume of alleged and reported threats and attacks; whether authorities make any efforts to protect HRDs and to investigate attacks against them (level of impunity); and whether there is a dialogue between the authorities, civil society and HRDs. Missions should also identify which other actors are working on the issue of HRDs—including other diplomatic missions, regional and international actors, national institutions and human rights commissions, academics, media and the private sector. In addition, missions will consider links to Canada’s development priorities and programming contexts, trade program contexts such as the intersection of business and human rights, and the identification of Canadian entity involvement in alleged or apparent human rights violations or abuses.

Examples of incidents posing risks to HRDs

  • New legislation is passed that restricts or curtails fundamental rights or freedoms.
  • A HRD experiences specific threats, intimidation or violence.
  • Activist reported detained without charge, or on questionable charges.
  • Witness or lawyer disappears following testimony or legal proceedings against authorities.
  • Civil society, media organization or Indigenous community critical of government’s record on human rights is banned or faces legal sanctions.
  • Demonstration or other public event occurs where HRDs are likely to be at risk.

Missions are encouraged to monitor relevant situations and report regularly on developments in their countries of accreditation. Information should be shared between personnel at Canada’s diplomatic missions and those at Headquarters—in particular with the relevant geographic bureau at Headquarters, copying the Human Rights and Indigenous Affairs Policy Division and other units as appropriate. Missions reporting should refer to the reporting checklist below in cases of HRDs at risk.

Reporting checklist in case of HRDs at risk

  • Basic background on a case: individual (named only if safe and appropriate), network/organization/community affiliation, group, context and type of activities
  • Local conditions/legislation with respect to HRDs, and the issues on which defenders are engaging
  • Particular incident, alleged perpetrator, and how it constitutes a human rights violation or abuse
  • Assessment of the level of personal security of the HRD, their families and communities
  • Reactions from authorities, civil society and other stakeholders (diplomatic and public)
  • Specific request for support from HRD (if any) and proposed mission intervention (where relevant), outlining the risks associated with the recommended approach and how these will be mitigated
  • Outcome/result of Canadian intervention(s) (when relevant), including reactions from government authorities, civil society, affected communities and the media, and any threats or reprisals against HRDs
  • Regular updates with changing circumstances as appropriate

Information should be maintained in a manner that respects confidentiality, so it neither adds to the risks faced by HRDs nor diminishes Canada’s ability to provide support. The management of this documentation brings with it serious considerations with respect to the protection and safety of HRDs. Officials can ensure protection of sources and security of information by applying standard operational safeguards, including the use of appropriate level of classification when referring to individuals (see Appendix A). Documentation made or shared through digital technologies must take digital security into consideration to ensure the safety of HRDs connected to the creation, transmission or receipt of these documents (see the Annex on HRDs in Online and Digital Contexts).

3.2 Relationship building, regular contact, and information exchange with human rights defenders

Missions should seek to build and maintain relationships with HRDs and civil society organizations—from well-funded organizations to marginalized grassroots movements, in urban and remote areas. Contact with HRDs can help missions better understand their situation and the local context in which they work, and facilitate response should an emergency situation arise.

Wherever possible, it is important to maintain regular contact with HRDs, or their representatives or families, to keep up-to-date on their circumstances and preferences for any assistance they seek. Direct contact is encouraged, but is not a prerequisite for Canada to provide support. Often, a single diplomatic mission or civil society organization in the country where a HRD works serves as the point of contact between the HRD and the organizations and individuals working together to support their efforts to promote respect for human rights. Online or digital communications can be a useful tool in this regard, but appropriate safety considerations associated with this mode of communication and information sharing is paramount (see the Annex on HRDs in Online and Digital Contexts).

3.3 Enhancing visibility for human rights defenders

Giving greater visibility to HRDs often contributes to their safety by demonstrating that “the world is watching,” therefore dissuading authorities from taking actions against them. Public recognition also lends credibility to HRDs and credibility to their work, which is particularly important for those who may the subject of campaigns to discredit them.

To demonstrate the importance of the work of the defenders, missions can, for example, conduct field visits, either independently or accompanied by other diplomatic missions, to meet with HRDs in the variety of settings where they conduct their advocacy. Such visits can sometimes take place in remote regions, often within sight of local authorities and security forces. They are generally most strategic and useful when they are rooted in local contexts and coordinate with local groups and networks. HRDs can also be invited to mission functions as honoured guests, together with host authorities, the private sector, and others with influence on government actions. Visibility can also be enhanced through public communication and social media.

As with any action on specific cases, consultation with the HRD, their representative or families prior to any profile-raising activity is essential. Association with foreign diplomats can sometimes create new risks for them, their families and their communities.

3.4 Recognizing efforts through awards

Canadian missions are encouraged to present or support awards that recognize the achievements of HRDs for championing specific human rights issues. Awards can serve to honour individuals or groups that show leadership in defending human rights and freedoms at the local, regional or international level.

“I was motivated to become a defender of human rights due to the situation of vulnerability that I had been witnessing and documenting, and what inspired me to continue was the resilience I saw in families, and in the children themselves. While we are currently living through very difficult times, I am filled with hope for a better Venezuela, one in which we are all human rights defenders.” Katherine Martínez, Recipient of the 10th edition of the Embassy of Canada Human Rights Award

As part of the award, over the course of the year the winner will travel to Canada, and across Venezuela, where various meetings will be organized with universities, human rights organizations and government authorities, to share experiences in the defence of human rights.

3.5 Building capacity and providing funding to human rights defenders

Where possible, missions are encouraged to use funds available to support human rights organizations, HRDs and their communities, including through the Post Initiative Fund (PIF) or the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives (CFLI). Funding can help support the work of HRDs, strengthen capacity, and build connections with HRDs networks. For example, funds can be used to develop and deliver training and knowledge-sharing projects aimed at building capacity for HRDs and strengthening their networks.

Through the CFLI, Canada provided over $570,000 to 27 projects supporting HRDs in 16 countries in 2017 and 2018. Projects included workshops to build the capacity of HRDs to report on human rights violations; safety and security training seminars for HRDs; and activities to support networking between HRDs.

3.6 Fostering effective human rights defenders’ support networks

Canadian representatives abroad are expected to maintain networks of contacts among groups and individuals advocating on behalf of the protection and promotion of human rights. Canadian missions can play an important role in fostering the development of effective support networks that can include diplomatic missions, government authorities, journalists, academics, the private sector (including Canadian companies in market) and other stakeholders. These networks provide essential resources to support HRDs at risk, including vital information, advice and access to sources of influence. They may also provide added credibility in dealing with local authorities, the public and HRDs themselves.

3.7 Engaging with local authorities

Canadian representatives should build and maintain relationships with influential local authorities or those authorized to make decisions affecting human rights. These may include, for example, host government ministers and their staffs, national human rights institutions, ombudspersons, partisan or public service officials, legislators, and regional and municipal leaders.

Canadian missions should maintain both formal and informal channels to discuss human rights issues with local authorities on an ongoing basis. Established mechanisms and relationships built on trust can create opportunities for collaboration and can facilitate the resolution of difficult issues.

In cases where HRDs are at acute risk, it is often fruitful to engage local authorities discreetly through such established networks and mechanisms. In many cases, informal outreach can help to resolve emerging crises in their early stages. Approaches can be made at senior levels as necessary, for example as part of meetings between ministers and the Head of Mission. Similarly, formal diplomatic mechanisms can be engaged when informal mechanisms have been exhausted or are inappropriate. Formal approaches can include, for example, diplomatic notes or démarches, and can be coordinated with other diplomatic missions. In some cases, firmer diplomatic measures may be required. These could include, for example, Headquarters calling in a foreign diplomat to discuss the case or, rarely and exceptionally, recalling a Canadian diplomat to mark strong disapproval of the actions of the host government.

3.8 Cooperating with key regional and international actors

Cooperation with and support for regional and international bodies and mechanisms is another recognized avenue for supporting and enabling strong institutions to promote and protect human rights.

Within the UN system, the OHCHR supports respect for human rights at the national level through its network of regional offices and hubs, or as part of UN missions, with additional focus on cross-cutting regional human rights concerns. UN special rapporteurs and independent experts regularly undertake country visits. Missions should cooperate with the special rapporteurs or independent experts visiting the host country as appropriate, for example by inviting them to participate in round-table talks or to discuss the situation of HRDs with stakeholders from local civil society and representatives of Indigenous communities. As noted in Section 2.4, the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders is specifically mandated to gather information on the situation of HRDs around the world. Other relevant interlocutors include the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, the Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples, the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary and arbitrary executions, the Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity, as well as the UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights. Reporting from those special rapporteurs and independent experts, in particular on country situations, can provide valuable information for missions.

Beyond the close cooperation between missions in a region on cross-cutting themes and issues, Canadian missions should continue to work within regional institutions to promote and protect human rights and to support HRDs.

3.9 Attending trials and hearings, and visiting detained human rights defenders

Attendance by Canadian officials at trials or hearings involving HRDs—a clear and visible expression of Canada’s concern—can be helpful by allowing for detailed tracking of legal proceedings, observing whether due process is respected, and ensuring up-to-date information on cases of particular interest, taking into account the impacts of gender discrimination within the justice system. Canada’s involvement often presents networking opportunities with human rights organizations, other diplomats and local authorities. When several diplomatic missions follow a case, or when a trial is held in a remote or difficult-to-access area, it can be helpful to establish a roster to share trial-attendance duties and information on trial-related developments.

Seeking to visit HRDs detained by local authorities in custody or under house arrest as a result of their human rights advocacy work can, in some instances, be a helpful means of showing support. This is an instance when the well-being of the individual, and the potential impact on the mission, must be weighed with particular care, and when the mission should consult Headquarters before taking action.

Local authorities do not always allow foreign diplomats to attend trials and restrictions on visiting HRDs in detention are very common. In such cases, requesting permission to attend can nevertheless demonstrate to local authorities that there is continued international interest in the case.

3.10 Making public statements and using social media

Missions are encouraged to use positive communications recognizing the role and legitimacy of HRDs, which can help counter the negative propaganda carried out in some countries seeking to delegitimize their role.

While diplomatic engagement is in most cases the primary approach for Canada, public interventions can be an effective tool to support HRDs who are at risk or have been detained. They can bolster efforts by local and international actors to pressure a government to take positive steps. Public interventions can include open letters, op-eds, news releases, news conferences and social media postings published by mission or Headquarters accounts. Although they may be made unilaterally by Canada, interventions typically have greater impact when made in coordination with other concerned countries. Interventions should reach local authorities, media, and key actors of influence, as well as those who appear to be directly and indirectly responsible for the attacks on HRDs.

Public interventions are most effective when the government in question is called upon to meet its own international human rights obligations. Interventions can refer to the Core International Human Rights Instruments ratified by the State, and to observations and recommendations issued by the committees (treaty bodies) set up under these instruments to monitor the implementation by the state of its human rights obligations (see Section 2.4). Canadian interventions can also make reference to Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders (see Section 2.4), or to actions on human rights that are recommended to states through the Universal Periodic Review (see Section 3.1).

Common public appeals include urging authorities to conduct prompt and impartial investigations of alleged violations of human rights and to take all necessary measures to ensure the protection of all people against violence, threats, retaliation, discrimination, pressure or any other arbitrary action as a consequence of the legitimate exercise of their rights.

Drawing publicity to a case can sometimes make diplomatic efforts more difficult. The HRD in question, or their representative or families, should be consulted wherever possible, as public statements by foreign governments can lead to reprisals against the defenders, their families, their communities, or other HRDs. Special care needs to be taken whenever missions are unable to make contact, and must take into account the best interests of the individual. Headquarters should be consulted before a decision to undertake a public intervention is made on a given case.

3.11 Supporting emergency assistance needs

HRDs may face acute threat, such as serious risks of death or injury. In response to requests for assistance from HRDs in emergency situations, missions should use the checklist provided in Section 4.1 and the information provided in the Annexes to better assess the situation and identify appropriate measures to support them. Missions should also report to Headquarters (relevant geographic bureau, Human Rights and Indigenous Affairs Policy Division and other units as appropriate), ensuring confidentiality of information. Collaboration with like-minded diplomatic missions is highly encouraged, recognizing that missions may be able to offer varying forms of assistance and as such may complement each other in providing support to defenders (a list of existing guidelines for diplomatic missions is provided in Appendix B). Missions should also collaborate with local and regional networks of HRDs, many of whom have developed their own strategies to respond quickly and effectively to the specific needs of HRDs in crisis situations. As it is the case with other interventions, missions should ensure that the human rights defender in question is kept informed of action taken on their behalf, results, and any follow-ups.

HRDs at risk will often want to pursue their human rights activities while finding a safe environment in their home country, or alternatively in a neighbouring country. Missions can provide practical assistance for temporary relocation, within the limits of the law and resources available.

A number of civil society organizations specialize in providing emergency assistance to HRDs. Assistance provided by these organizations can include legal support, temporary shelter, and funding to cover living costs and personal protection. Some organizations can also offer assistance in situations where a HRD feels it is necessary to leave their home country temporarily to continue their work. Missions are encouraged to refer HRDs at risk to these organizations—understanding that the organizations may have expertise but limited capacity.

Example of organizations providing emergency assistance to Human Rights Defenders

  • Lifeline provides small, short-term emergency grants to civil society organizations threatened because of their human rights work. These grants can help with the costs of security, medical expenses, legal representation, prison visits, trial monitoring, temporary relocation, equipment replacement and other urgencies. Canada provides financial support to Lifeline.
  • Front Line Defenders provides Protection Grants to HRDs to improve physical and digital security, for legal and medical fees, and to assist the families of imprisoned HRDs. The organization also provides emergency assistance to HRDs, including help with temporary relocation. It provides 24-hour phone assistance in Arabic, English, French, Russian and Spanish: +353-1-210-0489.
  • Urgent Action Fund provides rapid response grants in response to security threats experienced by women, transgender, or gender non-conforming activists and HRDs.
  • The Dignity for All: LGBTI Assistance Program provides emergency assistance, security, opportunity, and advocacy rapid response grants, as well as security assessment and training, to HRDs and civil society organizations under threat or attack due to their work for LGBTI human rights.
  • International Cities of Refuge Network provides shelter to writers and artists at risk, advancing freedom of expression, defending democratic values and promoting international solidarity.

Additional organizations are listed in the Annexes to these Guidelines.

HRDs seeking shelter abroad will often do so in a neighbouring country, close to their families and local networks. Missions should refer individuals who move to another country and wish to make asylum claims to the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which is mandated to assist with emergency evacuation and long-term protection. If a referral by the UNHCR is made to Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) can assess the case under its Urgent Protection Program (see Section 5.3). Permanent relocation is often the last resort for HRDs.

3.12 Promoting responsible business conduct

HRDs may face risks and attacks directly or indirectly related to private sector activities. This is particularly true for HRDs working on corporate accountability issues, including women and Indigenous HRDs, as well as land and environmental rights defenders (see Annexes).

To ensure a safe environment for HRDs, Canadian missions are encouraged to actively promote awareness and understanding of responsible business conduct guidelines such as the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights, and the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights among host governments, Canadian and local private sector, and civil society actors, using available tools for public diplomacy and trade promotion. The Voluntary Principles can help to guide a company in training practices regarding proportional use of force, due diligence in the selection of security forces, and working collaboratively with civil society organizations and government to prevent human rights abuses from occurring.

Using its convening power, missions can organize, sponsor or participate in public events where Canada can promote responsible business conduct practices, including for meaningful engagement with HRDs and stakeholders, where appropriate. Missions are encouraged to create opportunities for such exchanges through conferences, workshops and other activities involving companies, representatives of host governments, and civil society. Missions should be aware that such activities may not always be appropriate, as it may put HRDs at risk. As is the case with other measures, missions should ensure no harm is done.

4. Specific cases with a Canadian nexus

4.1 Canadian human rights defenders

When a HRD at risk is a Canadian citizen—regardless of whether they also have citizenship in the country in question—must be considered a consular case. Such cases involve specific diplomatic agreements that govern consular affairs and specific mechanisms to be used at Global Affairs Canada for engagement. Missions must promptly report these cases to consular officials at Headquarters and to the appropriate geographic branch.

When the individual is not a Canadian citizen but has other ties to Canada, such as permanent residency, missions should report the case to the appropriate geographic branch.

4.2 Canadian corporate entities

HRDs—including those advocating for rights related to land and the environment—often focus on the activities of multinational corporations, subsidiary companies and contracted organizations in supply chains. Support for these HRDs should be provided as outlined in the Guidelines, regardless of the nationality of the company in question. Missions are expected to provide support to HRDs even when they allege or appear to have suffered human rights abuses by a Canadian company that receives support from Canada’s Trade Commissioner Service. Coherence of approaches across different programs is particularly important in such cases.

Canadian companies working internationally are expected to respect human rights and to operate lawfully, transparently and in consultation with host governments, Indigenous and local communities, and to conduct their activities in a socially and environmentally responsible manner. Preventive measures are important to ensure a safe environment for HRDs. In instances where Canadian businesses are allegedly or appear to be involved in a case of human rights abuse against HRDs, the mission must refer to Canada’s Enhanced Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Strategy to Strengthen Canada’s Extractive Sector Abroad in addition to providing support and protection to the HRDs in question, as appropriate. Although focused on the Canadian extractive sector abroad, the Strategy provides broad guidance on responsible business conduct policy and practice applicable to all sectors. Missions should also seek direction from the Responsible Business Practices Division, the Human Rights and Indigenous Affairs Policy Division, the applicable geographic bureau and other relevant units at Headquarters, and must ensure close collaboration between the sections of the mission responsible for international business development and bilateral diplomatic relations. Depending on the facts of a given case, there may be an impact on the support that the mission offers to the Canadian company in question, including denying or withdrawing individualized trade advocacy support.

In cases involving conflict between an affected community and a Canadian company, its subsidiary, sub-contractors and/or suppliers, one of Canada’s dispute resolution mechanisms could be called upon to review instances and make non-binding recommendations: Canada’s National Contact Point for the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises or the Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise.

The Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise is mandated to review allegations of human rights abuses arising from Canadian company operations abroad in the mining, oil and gas, and garment sectors, as well as to provide recommendations to help resolve disputes.

The Ombudsperson is mandated to promote the implementation of internationally endorsed human rights guidelines and advise Canadian companies operating in the mining, oil and gas, and garment sectors on best practices. The missions can play an important role in connecting the Ombudsperson with Canadian companies on the ground, host-country national human rights institutions, local communities and civil society organisations representing HRDs and other vulnerable groups advocating for their rights

Missions should refer to Section 3.4 for additional information on Canada’s approach to supporting responsible business practices, as well as Section 4.12, which includes specific guidance for missions, and the whole set of measures outlined in Section 4 and the Annexes.

4.3 Seeking asylum in Canada

A HRD seeking to urgently leave his or her home country temporarily will typically seek refuge in a nearby country. However, in cases where a HRD requests temporary refuge in Canada, but does not hold a valid Temporary Resident Visa (visitor visa) and is not a Canadian citizen or Permanent Resident, officials should consult with the mission’s visa section or contact Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). HRDs seeking refugee status in Canada should be advised to register with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) whose mandate includes identifying what measures, including protection and possible resettlement, might be required. Once the UNHCR becomes involved, IRCC can assess the case under its Urgent Protection Program.

5. Implementation

Global Affairs Canada is committed to implementing the Guidelines at Headquarters and at missions. The Guidelines reflect Canada’s clear commitment to supporting the vital work of HRDs.

The Guidelines will be made available on Global Affairs Canada website and distributed electronically to human rights organizations and other stakeholders.

Officials at Headquarters and at missions are encouraged to increase awareness of the Guidelines, for example by referring to them in meetings at political level, in human rights dialogues and consultations, at multilateral and public forums, on official visits, and in public communications, including on social media. In particular, missions are encouraged to promote the Guidelines at the local level to ensure awareness among HRDs, human rights organizations and other stakeholders—including those from rural areas and marginalized groups. Organizing events at the mission and conducting visits to remote areas to disseminate the Guidelines is encouraged.

Missions should do their utmost to implement the Guidelines, recognizing that each approach should be tailored to local contexts and circumstances, and respond to the specific needs of HRDs. Canadian missions are best placed to balance the objectives of the Government of Canada, identify risks to HRDs and opportunities to support them, leverage contact networks, and communicate the impact on the ground. Missions should regularly review the role of human rights in all aspects of the bilateral relationship and take steps to lay the groundwork for increased engagement. Long-term approaches are encouraged and should include taking full advantage of opportunities to build local capacity, including through the Post Initiative Fund (PIF), the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives (CFLI) and development assistance, and to build bridges between human rights partners and stakeholders. Missions are encouraged to use the Guidelines in developing local implementation strategies, including through annual mission planning. Relevant Headquarters divisions will assist with mission initiatives.

In line with the head of missions’ performance management commitment to broaden Canadian efforts on human rights, it is expected that human rights issues will figure regularly and prominently in political and economic, development and trade initiatives and that engagement undertaken by all missions will be reported as developments unfold. As part of this, missions should include details on the situation of HRDs in periodic and ad hoc human rights reporting. As noted above (Section 4), missions should identify a focal point responsible for implementing the Guidelines and for providing leadership and coherence of approach across different programs.

The use of these Guidelines by officials at missions and at Headquarters is supported through training prepared by Global Affairs Canada through the Office of Human Rights, Freedoms and Inclusion. Training on the Guidelines are offered through human rights courses, corporate social responsibility training, and consular training in collaboration with relevant trade, development and consular divisions. Officials from all streams at missions are encouraged to follow the trainings as part of their pre-posting preparation, or while on posting. An online component is also available. Missions are encouraged to turn to the Office of Human Rights, Freedoms and Inclusion for ongoing guidance, as needed.

The Guidelines are an evolving document. Officials at missions will be called upon to assist in the periodic revision and improvement of the Guidelines to reflect changing circumstances with respect to situations faced by HRDs in the field and evolving international norms.

The Government of Canada has consulted with representatives of civil society in developing these Guidelines. Ongoing engagement with these dedicated experts has been and will remain invaluable in strengthening the Guidelines.

Canada will continue to be a strong advocate for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and respect for diversity and inclusion. An important part of these efforts is Canada’s recognition of and support for HRDs—wherever they are and however we can.

6. Annexes

HRDs often have multiple and intersecting identities and experiences. The challenges and threats they face, and the support they need, may vary accordingly, because they belong to one or more specific identifiable groups that face discrimination and/or because of the context in which they work. The following annexes seek to recognize the specificities of experiences lived by HRDs belonging to one or more groups, in various contexts, including: women HRDs, LGBTI HRDs, Indigenous HRDs, land rights and environmental human rights defenders, disability rights defenders, youth HRDs, freedom of religion or belief HRDs, journalists, and HRDs in online and digital contexts. The annexes identify the main risks and challenges faced, best practices and resources for missions.

The groups and contexts outlined in these annexes are neither exhaustive nor mutually exclusive, nor hierarchical. The annexes should be read in conjunction and complementarity to one another, and to the guidance provided in the core document (in particular in Section 4 of the Guidelines). Multiple annexes may apply to each HRD. The multiple and intersecting identities of a HRD must be taken into account when considering an appropriate approach to a given case, bearing in mind that some of a HRD’s many identities may be invisible to others.

6.1 Women human rights defenders

Women human rights defenders are engaged in the promotion and the protection of human rights. Credit: @DFATD Lana Slezic
Women human rights defenders are engaged in the promotion and the protection of human rights. Credit: @DFATD Lana Slezic

Definition

Women HRDs are generally women engaged in the promotion and protection of human rights. The group can also include persons of all genders working on women’s rights and gender issues.

Women’s HRDs often use local, regional and international networks, and work collaboratively and holistically to resolve crises.

Risks and challenges faced

Women HRDs may be targeted for or exposed to gender-specific threats and violence, including in online and digital contexts, for example through social media, Internet and ICT platforms. They are at higher risk than men of sexual and gender-based violence, online attacks, cyberstalking, sexual harassment and intimidation.

The human rights work of women HRDs often challenges traditional norms of family and gender roles in society. As a result, the defenders may be subjected to gender and sexual stereotypes, stigmatization or ostracism by community leaders, faith-based groups, families and communities who perceive their work as threatening religion, honour or culture that runs contrary to the laws and customs of society. For example, women HRDs standing for sexual and reproductive health and rights, working on sexual orientation and gender identity rights, environmental, land or labour rights face greater risk of intimidation, harassment and violence by state or non-state actors, local authorities, anti-government elements, and private sector entities, according to the UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights Defenders World Report (2018). Moreover, sexual violence, defamation and intimidation, including against their family members, are being used as deterrence. In 2017, Front Line Defenders recorded that 44 women HRDs were killed; an increase from 40 in 2016 and 30 in 2015.

Women HRDs in conflict and post-conflict situations face multiple and intersecting forms of violence, distrust and prosecution, due in part to the multifaceted nature of conflict, displacement and migration status, which often involves several parties whose accountabilities can be difficult to determine. In militarized contexts and countries in conflict, women HRDs may face additional threats of sexual and gender-based violence and incarceration, and their children and family members are more likely to be threatened or attacked as a form of intimidation. In general, women HRDs must consider the well-being of their families, as many are also the main or sole caregivers.

Best practices

Missions should address the situation of women HRDs in their reporting, noting in particular the occurrence of any threats or attacks against them and their ability to undertake their work in safety, as well as practices that are potentially harmful and areas where they can be supported to mitigate risks.

Missions can play a significant role to protect and support the work of women HRDs, for example through:

  • Engaging actively with women HRDs, women’s rights organizations, women’s rights movements, and public and private sector actors, where appropriate;
  • Monitoring, documenting and reporting human rights violations, the gendered consequences of such violations, and state and non-state perpetrators who pose specific threats;
  • Supporting investigative processes into alleged acts of intimidation, threats, violence and other abuses against women HRDs;
  • Identifying the specific needs of women HRDs and responsive actions, for example protection measures, relocation plans, psychosocial support, childcare or other support services and resources;
  • Working at local, national and regional levels to coordinate efforts and response mechanisms to ensure the protection and safety of women HRDs, leveraging women’s rights organizations networks.

Missions can also play a role in promoting the meaningful participation of women in policy and development processes, peacebuilding and post-conflict governance processes that promote gender equality. Examples include:

  • Recognizing all women HRDs as legitimate human rights actors, increasing visibility and lending credibility to their activism;
  • Amplifying public campaigns that recognize the work of women HRDs as an important public policy measure to address structural violence;
  • Building public demonstrations of support and recognition in society from local authorities, within communities and the families of women HRDs;
  • Working with partners and creating safe and inclusive spaces for the involvement of women HRDs in decision-making and negotiation processes, community agreements and in human rights due diligence processes; and
  • Taking extra efforts to include women from crisis-affected populations to participate in humanitarian assistance, protection and recovery programs.

Resources

6.2 LGBTI human rights defenders

Community members march in Timor-Leste’s 2018 Pride parade. Credit: Clementino Amaral
Community members march in Timor-Leste’s 2018 Pride parade. Credit: Clementino Amaral

Definition

LGBTI HRDs are people who act to promote or protect the human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) persons.

LGBTI HRDs are typically members of the LGBTI community, but they do not necessarily belong to this community. They are advocates for the rights of LGBTI persons regardless of their own personal sexual orientation, gender identity or sex characteristics.

Risks and challenges faced

LGBTI HRDs are regularly subjected to harassment and intimidation, arrest, physical attack, negative portrayal in news media and social media, and interference with their lawful exercise of rights, such as freedom of expression and freedom of assembly. Some are killed for engaging in their work. LGBTI HRDs may also experience extreme isolation and a lack of political or social support from others, including other HRDs.

It should be borne in mind that the term LGBTI encompasses multiple distinct communities and that LGBTI HRDs may experience unique challenges depending on the particular community whose rights they seek to protect. For example, the circumstances and needs of transgender HRDs may differ in important respects to those of gay and lesbian HRDs. There is also a need for sensitivity to gender dynamics: in particular, women HRDs—whether lesbian, bisexual or transsexual women—may face additional challenges and risks in carrying out their work as compared to men.

A number of factors account for the range of challenges and risks facing LGBTI HRDs. A key factor is the persistence of negative social attitudes regarding LGBTI persons. In many countries, an absence of legislation prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity or sex characteristics contributes to the continued social marginalization of LGBTI persons. Negative attitudes towards LGBTI communities may also be reinforced by the public influence of certain religious groups or leaders that characterize LGBTI persons as being unnatural or immoral. In some countries, acceptance of LGBTI “lifestyles” is considered to be a Western concept that is contrary to the beliefs and wishes of the local population, and this perception leads to increased hostility towards LGBTI HRDs.

Criminalization of same-sex conduct is a further significant obstacle for LGBTI HRDs in many parts of the world. Same-sex conduct remains a criminal offence in nearly 70 countries, and is punishable by death in at least five countries. LGBTI HRDs working in countries where same-sex activity is illegal are at particular risk of having their work suppressed by state authorities, since they are perceived to condone criminal behaviour.

Security officials and judges often lack training on the particular circumstances and needs of LGBTI HRDs, making it more difficult for these defenders to seek assistance or obtain justice when they are attacked or threatened.

Best practices

Mission staff should acquire a thorough understanding of the local context relevant to the work of LGBTI HRDs, including knowledge of national laws and policies for protecting the rights of LGBTI persons, as well as awareness of societal attitudes towards LGBTI communities.

In addition to fostering relationships with local LGBTI civil society organizations, missions should seek to identify and foster links with local allies of LGBTI HRDs. It will be helpful to think broadly about where potential allies may exist—for example, there may be important supporters within the business community and among religious leaders.

Given the vulnerability of LGBTI HRDs in many parts of the world, missions should pay attention to the threats to safety and security that they may face even as they attempt to reach out to missions for assistance. Depending on the context, consideration should be given to whether specific measures are needed to facilitate safe interactions between LGBTI HRDs and mission staff.

Missions should collaborate with like-minded missions in responding to requests for assistance from LGBTI HRDs, recognizing that missions may be able to offer varying forms of assistance and as such may complement each other in providing support to defenders.

In general, the exercise of good judgment and discretion by mission staff is crucial for determining the ways in which missions can best provide support to LGBTI HRDs, while also avoiding exacerbating the risk of harm to the defenders and to local LGBTI communities. To ensure that appropriate decisions are made, it is important that mission staff remain attentive to the views of LGBTI HRDs regarding the types of mission support they do and do not wish to receive in a given situation.

Resources

Organizations:
Useful documents:

6.3 Indigenous human rights defenders

Definition

Indigenous HRDs are Indigenous individuals, groups and organizations working to assert and defend human rights, including the rights of Indigenous peoples.

Indigenous peoples’ rights have been increasingly recognized through the adoption of international instruments and mechanisms, including the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

Risks and challenges faced

Indigenous peoples, who make up five percent of the world population, overwhelmingly face major challenges to enjoying their basic rights. According to indicators, they are among the most disadvantaged and marginalized of the world’s groups, and face persistent vulnerability and exclusion.

Human rights violations and abuses are committed against Indigenous HRDs worldwide. Although some countries have taken constitutional and legislative measures to recognize the rights and identities of Indigenous peoples, Indigenous peoples are often discriminated against and do not receive protection under the law. Indigenous HRDs are more readily criminalized for claiming title to traditional territories and are subject to charges such as illegal occupation.

Discrimination and violence against Indigenous peoples continue to be widespread, including against Indigenous women and girls. Organizations such as the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, along with the UN, have reported that Indigenous HRDs are experiencing increased criminalization and violations and abuses of their rights. Indigenous peoples who peacefully defend their rights are often stigmatized and subjected to arbitrary arrests, travel bans, threats, dispossession and killings. Indigenous women are among those most at risk.

This trend continues to grow and in regions affected, particularly in places with intense competition for land and other natural resources. Thousands of Indigenous peoples are criminalized and discriminated against, and alarming numbers of them die while defending their land and rights. A lack of meaningful engagement and partnership with Indigenous peoples in decisions about major natural resource projects abroad can be a driver of conflict. Indigenous peoples are often targeted for opposing large projects, including with the intent to discourage their participation in consultation processes.

A larger context of structural racism and stigmatization contributes to attacks on Indigenous HRDs simply because they identify as Indigenous, or they promote the specific interests of Indigenous peoples. Threats and violence against individuals have repercussions on the entire community.

Best practices

Mission support for Indigenous HRDs should be informed by the principles of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), including equality, partnership, good faith and mutual respect.

Missions should develop an understanding of the concerns and challenges specific to each community. It is important to gain knowledge of regional, national and local realities related to the recognition and implementation of Indigenous rights—including Indigenous peoples’ collective rights to land, territories and resources—to respond appropriately to challenges faced by Indigenous HRDs.

When conflicts arise around the use of land and natural resources, especially when Canadian companies are involved, missions can advocate for meaningful engagement and partnership with Indigenous peoples on issues of concern. Missions can further encourage companies to develop constructive, consensual, and mutually beneficial relationships with Indigenous host communities in line with international responsible business conduct standards and best practices.

Effective support for Indigenous HRDs must take into account the particular challenges faced by Indigenous women HRDs, such as higher risk of gender-based violence and harassment, including in digital spaces.

Indigenous HRDs must participate in deliberations to determine actions that can be taken on their behalf. Through engagement with affected Indigenous individuals and communities, where appropriate, missions should encourage prompt investigations into alleged acts of intimidation, threats, violence and other abuses against Indigenous HRDs.

Resources

Organizations:
Useful Documents:

6.4 Land rights and environmental human rights defenders

Ambassador Shouldice visits a new plot of hydroponic farming land with Michelle Morokro from La Pierre Angulaire in Côte d’Ivoire. Credit: Global Affairs Canada
Ambassador Shouldice visits a new plot of hydroponic farming land with Michelle Morokro from La Pierre Angulaire in Côte d’Ivoire. Credit: Global Affairs Canada

Definition

A land rights defender takes peaceful action to protect the land of a group of people. Environmental HRDs strive for the realisation of the rights and fundamental freedoms as they relate to the enjoyment of a safe, healthy and sustainable environment. They often focus on the large-scale industrial activities of private or public corporations in rural areas. Defenders may face heightened risk of violence or repression because of their work, particularly if they are members of vulnerable or disadvantaged groups such as women, Indigenous peoples, LGBTI persons, persons with disabilities and economically marginalized people.

Risks and challenges faced

Land rights and environmental HRDs often work in rural and isolated areas where limited state presence and communications challenges compound risks of violence and impunity. Land rights are often tied to the rights of Indigenous peoples, and in these contexts, individuals may face additional challenges, including marginalization. In many cases, failure to investigate and prosecute threats or attacks against land or environmental defenders can create a climate of impunity, which can lead to further attacks. In some contexts, peaceful dissent may be misrepresented by government, private sector or media organizations as a threat to national security, economic interests or as unpatriotic activity, which can increase risks of violence. Women land defenders face specific risks including sexual violence, ostracism and defamation, particularly in highly patriarchal societies. Defenders may face threats from multiple sources, including police, military, other government authorities, private security organizations and organized criminal organizations.

Best practices

Missions should be familiar with international and local laws, policies and administrative practices specific to land-use and environmental norms; traditional customs, practices and ongoing disputes between ethnic groups; as well as local implementation (e.g. communal properties, historical land redistributions, inheritance practices that exclude women, etc).

Missions should seek information from relevant government officials (environment ministry, ombudsperson’s office, land registry office, justice ministry), local authorities (including community leaders or tribal chiefs), civil society organizations and journalists.

Missions should use public communications opportunities to highlight the importance of: due process, engagement and consultation; protection of the environment and traditional livelihoods; and other issues of concern to land rights and environmental HRDs.

Missions should avoid endorsing narratives that could increase the risk of violence—e.g. using the term “criminalizing dissent” to describe legitimate and proportional responses by authorities to violent protests.

Missions should promote dialogue between land rights and environmental HRDs, governments, communities and private sector actors.

The mission should refer to Canada’s Corporate Social Responsibility strategy if it becomes involved in the case of a land rights and environmental HRD who speaks out against a Canadian-based company. Canadian companies operating abroad are expected to respect human rights and to operate lawfully and in consultation with the host government (national and municipal) and local communities. Missions can also seek advice from the Responsible Business Practices Division and Headquarters. If private or public security forces are involved, the mission may consider having a conversation with the company about the application of the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights at the property.

While, in international law, the “right to a clean or healthy environment” is not generally recognized, and while this right is not protected in Canada’s domestic law and constitution, Canada has recognised several rights related to the environment (for example, the right to safe drinking water and basic sanitation). All sections of Canadian missions abroad can advocate in support of human rights defenders working on land and environmental issues. As always, missions should consult headquarters as required.

Resources

6.5 Disability rights defenders

Definition

A disability rights defender or disability rights advocate is someone who works toward equality for persons with disabilities, and is generally considered a member of the disability-rights movement and/or the independent-living movement.

Disability rights defenders and disabled persons organizations (DPOs) represent diverse groups of persons with disabilities and/or experience marginalization or vulnerabilities in society based on their functional capacities that affect one or more aspects of their lives.

Risks and challenges faced

Worldwide, over one billion individuals have a disability. More than 80% of persons with disabilities live in developing countries, with disability prevalence higher among women than men. Persons with disabilities are often deprived of their right to live independently, institutionalized, or experience greater vulnerabilities through the criminal justice system. Many persons with disabilities living in conflict settings or in developing countries experience higher levels of violence and sexual and gender-based violence and discrimination, along with neglect, stigma, segregation, exploitation and social isolation, and often face a broad range of barriers to employment, education, health care, legal and other basic services.

Best practices

Missions should pay attention to human rights issues relating to persons with disabilities and disability rights defenders and examine the disability-specificity of individual violations on human rights. This would entail:

  • Understanding existing barriers, legal protections, structures and ideologies permeating a given context;
  • Taking into account the capacity of State and non-State actors to address the particular vulnerabilities and human rights issues affecting persons with disabilities (e.g. health, education, employment, justice, legal services, economic and political participation, climate change, humanitarian situations);
  • Consequences of violations against persons with disabilities;
  • Promoting human rights advocacy, public awareness and development that is inclusive of and accessible to persons with disabilities;

It should also be recognized that different disability rights defenders may have different needs, depending on other factors of their identity (e.g. gender, ethnicity, religion, status, etc.), and social positioning and personal situations within society or country context. Missions have a role to play to facilitate stakeholder engagement and partnerships, public advocacy, outreach campaigns and CSO networks on rights of persons with disabilities, including:

  • Encouraging collaborations and partnerships between disabled-persons organizations and other humanitarian, development and human rights actors and movements to strengthen networks;
  • Fostering inclusion of marginalized groups in the broader disability movement s (e.g. Indigenous, LGBTI, women and girls with disabilities, persons with psycho-social disabilities).

Resources

6.6 Youth human rights defenders

Passionate teen champions girls’ rights and speaks up against Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) at a Teacher’s Training College in Tanzania. Credit: Global Affairs Canada
Passionate teen champions girls’ rights and speaks up against Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) at a Teacher’s Training College in Tanzania. Credit: Global Affairs Canada

Definition

Youth HRDs include both young HRDs and other HRDs who work on youth rights and engagement.

The United Nations defines youth as someone aged 15 to 24 years. However, the range may extend to 30 or 35 depending on national and local contexts. Over 50% of the world’s population is less than 30 years old.

Risks and challenges faced

Youth activists often challenge traditional power structures. Consequently, they face risks and challenges, including age-based discrimination that intersects with other forms of discrimination, such as discrimination based on race, sexual orientation, gender and socio-economic status. Negative perceptions, prevalent social norms and misconceptions of youth engagement also hinder their development of civic space. A lack of representation and inclusion in political processes means that youth are often denied due recognition, respect, access and security.

Youth face social, economic and political barriers that increase their vulnerabilities. Limited access to education, services, employment opportunities and infrastructure can impede their ability to advocate for their rights. Female youth activists may face even greater challenges in accessing political processes and confront even more barriers in their education, health, employment and access to technology. Worldwide, there is a need for civic education, particularly among youth, to build civic literacy and help youth engage meaningfully. Youth activists’ ease with and access to digital technologies can give them new means to express their aspirations. However, the manipulation and control of social-media channels and digital technologies by some governments and actors particularly affect young activists, who tend to use them more than older people. This has impacted young activists’ right to freedom of opinion and expression. Government monitoring of digital spaces and platforms can also place youth HRDs at risk.

Best practices

Youth should be targeted for inclusion in civil society-related advocacy. Missions should recognize youth’s agency and leadership on human rights issues. Missions should also recognize that young HRDs may have different needs, depending on their identities, social position and personal circumstances. Missions should also pay particular attention to the gender dimension of cases related to youth HRDs, as young women tend to face greater risks and adversity than young men when advocating for rights.

Missions should also collaborate with youth as strategic partners on projects to empower them and build their resilience (i.e. by including them in decision-making processes, on boards, etc.). When engaging with young people, it is important to recognize youth agency and independence, build youth capacities to engage meaningfully, ensure collaboration activities are relevant to youth with targeted objectives, and communicate outcomes to youth participants. Missions should cultivate inclusive partnerships with youth-led organizations, networks and movements, individual youth experts and youth from a variety of backgrounds, including those most vulnerable and marginalized. Engaging other areas of civil society, the private sector and local government in conversations about youth rights is also key to increasing awareness and recognition of youth as positive agents of change, and to obtaining sustainable outcomes for the rights of young people.

Resources

  • CIVICUS
  • FRIDA The Young Feminist Fund
  • Plan International Canada
  • Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth
  • The International Foundation for Electoral Systems
  • United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development
  • World Youth Movement for Democracy
  • Young Human Rights Defenders (project led by Amnesty International, Action Aid and UNDP)
  • Youth Coalition for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights
  • Youth Policy Labs
Key documents:
  • OECD Development Centre (2018), Better Policies for Better Youth Livelihoods: A Guidance Note for Development Practitioners, EU-OECD Youth Inclusion Project, Paris
  • Bacalso, C., Hao, A.P. (2017) How Young People Influence Policy: A Practitioners’ Review, Oxfam Novib
  • UNDP Youth Strategy 2014-2017
  • UN youth strategy 2030
  • The Power of 1.8 Billion: Adolescents, Youth and the Transformation of the Future The State of the World Population Report, UNFPA (2014)
  • Global Youth Development Index and Report (2016), The Commonwealth

6.7 Freedom of religion or belief human rights defenders

Muslim child recites Al-quran at mosque in Malaysia. Credit: Shutterstock
Muslim child recites Al-quran at mosque in Malaysia. Credit: Shutterstock

Definition

Freedom of religion or belief (FoRB), as articulated in Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, aims to facilitate the ability to explore, change, or abandon faith-related identities, as individuals and in community with others. As a fundamental freedom that underpins many other human rights, it does not shield religious traditions or religions as such, against criticism, nor does it protect members of religious communities from critical questions. It is an important component of peaceful, democratic and inclusive societies—and its repression can engender extremism and radicalization, which can ultimately lead to violence.

HRDs working to protect FoRB and associated rights are often also involved in raising issues of freedom of expression, assembly and association, along with minority and Indigenous rights. Often times, defenders of FoRB are grassroots faith actors, operating outside of traditional human rights organizations (although, increasingly, non-faith actors are involved).

“Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.”

Article 18, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Risks and challenges faced

According to a study published by the Pew Research Center in April 2017, 79% of global population lives in countries with high or very high restrictions on religion (an increase from 68% in 2007). The restrictions can be imposed by government, or result from social hostilities between non-state actors, or a combination of both. FoRB defenders who constitute “minorities within minorities” and groups in vulnerable situations, such as women and LGBTI persons, are often disproportionally affected by restrictions on FoRB.

Religious leaders often have a deep understanding of inter-faith relations and enjoy strong credibility with local populations. As a result, these leaders may be perceived as a threat to government agencies, oversight and power—or as undermining social order and cohesion. In many countries, religious leaders and communities experience discrimination and intolerance, arbitrary arrest and detention, violence, crimes against humanity and even genocide—from both government and non-state actors, including other religious communities and violent extremists.

In many countries, HRDs are also targeted for violating or combatting blasphemy laws used against believers of other religions or secularists. In recent years, reports of targeted discrimination and violence against non-believers have increased. In particular, 22 countries authorize the death penalty for apostasy and at least 13 countries authorize capital punishment for atheism. Blasphemy remains an offence in at least 49 countries, punishable with a prison term or in some cases, with the death penalty.

Best practices

Missions should establish contact with civil society and religious leaders; defenders of FoRB often operate outside of traditional human rights organizations. The defenders often have deep community networks and are important partners in the field. Network building will help with establishing early-warning for inter-group tensions, and can ensure that concerns are raised through UN mechanisms such as the Human Rights Council and the Council’s Universal Periodic Reviews and followed up in bilateral discussions at political level or in international forums, like the International Contact Group on Freedom of Religion or Belief (co-chaired by Canada and the United States)

Missions in countries with restrictions on FoRB should educate staff about human rights and regional religious dynamics through expert workshops, training sessions etc. This knowledge is as relevant as knowledge of social, political and economic circumstances.

Missions could consider supporting measures that create arenas for discussion about freedom of religion or belief, such as by establishing a Friends of FoRB group with other countries (contact Headquarters for more information) and including FoRB in human rights discussions. National human rights commissions and national institutions are often important sources of information, although missions should ensure their independence from government.

Missions could also consider supporting organizations pioneering training and knowledge-sharing projects through the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives to build capacity for FoRB activists, including human rights law, advocacy and security, etc.

When a defender faces significant risk, missions should consider taking action. In cases where dialogue has not been effective, missions can hold official meetings; explore options for a démarche; issue official statements and social media posts; and refer individuals to Freedom House’s Emergency Assistance Programs.

Resources

6.8 Journalists

A South Sudanese female journalist conducting an interview. Credit: Global Affairs Canada
A South Sudanese female journalist conducting an interview Credit: Global Affairs Canada

According to the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the term “journalists” refers to individuals who observe, describe, document and analyse events, statements, policies, and any propositions that can affect society in order to inform the public. This includes media workers and support staff, as well as community media and “citizen journalists.” Information can be disseminated to the public via any means of mass communication.

Journalists and other media professionals play a crucial role in defending and advancing freedom of opinion and expression. They contribute to the strength of democratic societies by speaking up for the vulnerable, holding governments to account, and informing the public about global human rights struggles.

Accurate, impartial media reporting and analysis can have a decisive impact on everyone’s ability to confront and address various situations as informed, active and engaged citizens, particularly in the information era.

The right of everyone to hold opinions, without interference, as well as the right to freedom of expression is enshrined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and reaffirmed in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”

Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Risks and challenges faced

Journalists and other media professionals often face the same risks as HRDs precisely because of their work. Because they criticize authority figures, report on criminal activity, and speak the truth, they are often targeted by governments, paramilitaries, armed groups, criminal organizations, and security personnel. Attacks range from harassment and intimidation to assault, abduction, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention, torture and murder. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), 54 journalists were killed around the world while on the job in 2018, of which 34 were targeted for murder in reprisal for their work. In addition, 251 were imprisoned, and 61 went missing. In addition, impunity for crimes against journalists continues to be a problem. According to the UNESCO’s World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Report (2017/2018), 9 out of 10 crimes committed against journalists went unpunished. Journalists reporting from war zones face acute dangers, and are frequently targeted by armed groups.

Digital safety is an increasing concern for journalists across all regions, with threats posed by intimidation and harassment, disinformation, technological attacks, as well as arbitrary surveillance. Women journalists are reported to experience increasing online abuse, stalking and harassment.

Best practices

Missions should understand the context concerning freedom of opinion and expression and the situation of journalists and media in general in their countries of accreditation. They should familiarize themselves with the general conditions in which journalists work, including any restrictions by the authorities, reprisals against journalists, restrictive legislation limiting the freedom of opinion and expression (including the right to seek, receive, and impart information) and limitations on freedom of association and assembly. Missions should also be mindful of efforts made by authorities (or lack thereof) to ensure a safe and enabling environment for journalists to conduct their work independently and without undue interference, including the authorities’ willingness and ability to investigate attacks against journalists and other media workers, and to hold perpetrators to account for their actions.

Missions could organize regular meetings with journalists, both foreign and local, to gather information about their situations and other local issues. In such cases, they should first consider whether direct contact would put the journalist at risk (do no harm).

Missions should establish and maintain contact with local authorities, as well as with international and regional organizations and other countries’ missions working on those issues. In their advocacy efforts, missions can refer to the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity (spearheaded by the UNESCO), UN resolutions (such as UN Security Council resolution 1738 (2006) condemning attacks against journalists in conflict situations, UN General Assembly resolution 68/163 (2013) on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity, and Human Rights Council resolutions), as well as work from the Special Rapporteurs on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, and on the situation of HRDs.

Missions can also raise the profile about issues related to the safety of journalists, freedom of expression and opinion, and media freedom by attending seminars and meetings. They could organize awareness-raising activities in support of World Press Freedom Day (May 3) and the International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists (November 2).

Journalists facing acute threats could be put in contact with one of the member organizations of the Journalists in Distress Network, which specialize in coordinating emergency assistance across funding mechanisms – including legal support, temporary shelter, and funding to cover living costs and personal protection.

Resources

Organizations:
Key documents:

6.9 Human rights defenders in online and digital contexts

Definition

HRDs across all sectors likely fall into this category, as digital technologies (such as the Internet, social media platforms, mobile devices, etc.) play an important role in HRDs’ ability to access and share information and associate with one another. As such, even if a HRD does not explicitly advocate for online or digital rights, they may be covered by this context because they use and/or are targeted through digital technology and online mediums.

Risks and challenges faced

Digital technologies play an important role in advancing the work of HRDs. In recent years, they have become invaluable tools that can enable HRDs to participate in governance, share information widely and discretely, organise and coordinate public protests and advocacy campaigns, and more. However, the benefits these technologies offer are being undermined by the risks and challenges faced by HRDs in digital and online contexts.

While considering risk assessments, it is important to understand that risks faced by HRDs can translate across digital, online, and offline contexts – for example, digital risks can evolve into physical risks. Moreover, it is important to note that technologies have a differentiated impact on vulnerable and marginalize populations– including across sex and gender.

In many countries, HRDs are targeted through state-sponsored – or state-enabled - harassment, threats, arrests or extra-judicial killings for their human rights work online. What’s more, the targeting of HRDs can happen transnationally through digital technology. Digital technologies can be infiltrated, co-opted or leveraged by governments to create additional and new forms of undue restrictions on the exercise of human rights, and especially the rights to freedom of expression, peaceful assembly, freedom of association, and access to information with a particularly detrimental effect on HRDs and other members of civil society.

State-sponsored hacking of private information, the use of bots, trolls, troll farms, spreading of disinformation, and micro-targeting to discredit, harass, or intimidate are often used to undermine the work of HRDs. Disinformation can be leveraged against HRDs to smear their reputation in a way that is meant to undermine their credibility and lessen public support of their human rights work. This can have a chilling effect on individuals’ activism or participation, and can also contribute or lead to serious physical consequences against the targets of such activities. However, efforts to combat disinformation (such as establishing institutionalize fact checking, relying on automated programs to monitor and filter content, etc) must also be considered through a human rights lens, as these initiatives can themselves create new risks around transparency, accountability, the rule of law, privacy rights and freedom of expression. Overt online harassment is also a widespread technique of silencing HRDs by a variety of actors. In particular, women HRDs are especially at risk in these instances and have reported threats of rape, death, and harassment on which, in some cases, police and government agencies have refused to act.

Software, design and infrastructure that support encryption and anonymizing can facilitate digital safety for HRDs and has become necessary for their work. This can often be a challenging issue for governments, who work to combat nefarious uses of encryption and anonymization tools. While HRDs often find these tools beneficial, criminals, terrorists and other actors can use them to conceal malicious activities and evade the law, posing serious challenges for national security and effective law enforcement. To contend with some of these challenges, several governments have recently begun to adopt legislation and policies to limit encryption and anonymity. However, some of these restrictions have not been shown to be necessary to meet a particular legitimate interest, and consequently raise concerns about improperly undermining privacy protections and illegitimately hindering HRDs’ access to information, free expression, peaceful assembly and free association.

Best practices

Missions should first and foremost work to understand the digital context of their immediate environment. This includes generalized familiarity with digital communication security and potential weaknesses (see resources listed below), as well as particular trends in digital communication technologies, and online threats in their particular regional environment (e.g. Does the government use internet shut downs as a means of limiting activism? Are websites blocked to limit access to information? Do either states or non-state actors systematically target HRDs through online harassment? Is disinformation systematically used to discredit HRDs?). This could include consulting trusted HRDs’ partners, and seeking insights from digital/online-specific work done by local and international organizations focused on human rights (see below for examples). Missions should also be cognizant that digital technologies and the online environment are rapidly changing, and so new risks and challenges likewise emerge rapidly, that may need to be taken into account.

Missions should work toward mobilizing the international community and local stakeholders, including through multi-stakeholder processes that involve the private sector, civil society and women’s rights organizations, to develop strategies to improve prevention of and response to threats to HRDs mediated through digital technology (including sexual and gender-based abuse, harassment and the threat of violence in digital contexts), and advocate for a free, open and secure cyberspace. While government and private sector are important partners in these processes, missions should work to ensure that more marginalized actors have comparable voice, and inclusion in building these strategies.

Missions may wish to become more engaged in prevention and response strategies for online and digital safety of individuals and HRDs. They can raise awareness and advocate on issues related to the safety of HRDs in online and digital contexts by referring to UN resolutions (such as the HRC38 Eliminating online, digital and ICT-facilitated violence against women and girls); G7 commitments, such as the Charlevoix Commitment to End Sexual and Gender-Based Violence, Abuse and Harassment in Digital Contexts; Freedom Online Coalition statements; and Global Affairs Canada’s Playbook for Gender Equality in the Digital Age.

Missions may wish to work towards enabling environments for advocates and individuals from marginalized communities to organize, build networks, strengthen their voices, and be represented in leadership roles within technology sectors and in online environments. This could include raising issues of surveillance and harassment of HRDs in the digital and online environments, as well as legislation that limits rights in these contexts, during advocacy meetings with governments and other relevant stakeholders. This could also include helping HRDs build capacity and connect with experts who can help them assess their digital risks and security.

Resources:

Funding Organizations:

Definitions

The below may be relevant to understand terminology related to the work of human rights defenders in digital contexts.

Bots (Dampeners, Amplifiers, Transparency Bots and Servants Bots)
Bots are computer algorithms designed to perform specific tasks on the Internet.

Dampeners –to suppress messages;
  • Amplifiers – make messages appear more organically popular than they are.
  • Transparency bots – publicize information for public consideration.
  • Servant bots – which are used by governments and organizations to answer simple questions or provide other services.
  • Bots do not need to be completely automated; they can be used in conjunction with a human.
Botnets
A botnet is a network of remotely-controlled computers, of which the owner of the botnet has control. These compromised networks are often used for attacks such as Distributed Denial of Service.
Citizen/Civic Literacy
Citizen Literacy is a term that encompasses all the knowledge and practice required to be an engaged citizen.
Disinformation
Disinformation is deliberately false, inaccurate or misleading information, which is spread deliberately. Not to be confused with Misinformation which is false or inaccurate, but believed to be true by the person who disseminates it.
Doxxing
Doxxing is a common intimidation tactic used on the Internet, in which someone publishes an individual’s personal information and incites harassment to that individual. This commonly includes someone’s real name, family members, address, phone numbers, employment.
Phishing
Phishing is a type of cyber attack which seeks to collect legitimate security credentials from unaware users. For example, a user receives an email from their bank which appears legitimate; a link in the email leads them to another legitimate-seeming website. If the user inputs their security credentials (card number, password, account name, phone number, etc.) in this website, their identity would be compromised.
Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware that restricts access to a user’s files and forces the user to pay a ransom to regain access. Victims of this attack are often targeted without discretion, rather than strategically.
Spear-Phishing
Spear-Phishing is a type of cyber attack related to phishing, but with an element of sophistication. While phishing emails can be sent out to hundreds or thousands of people, Spear-Phishing attempts are specifically tailored to individuals. Members or political parties and politicians are common targets. The John Podesta scandal in the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential election is the most famous example of a successful spear-phishing attack.
Trolling
Trolling is a catch-all term for abusive and intimidating behaviour which occurs on the Internet. The scale of social media platforms enables bad faith actors to control and steer political conversations away from faithful or productive or inclusive ends. Recent research and journalism has revealed that Trolling has been adopted by certain state actors (example: Russia) and mobilized against citizens in democratic countries.

Appendix A: Privacy Considerations

Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation.” A privacy breach – the improper or unauthorized collection, use, disclosure, retention or disposal of personal information – can pose serious risks to individuals, particularly those subject to state harassment, intimidation, or repression.

Canada’s Privacy Act limits how the government may collect and use personal information, and provides individuals with the right to accessFootnote 1 and seek correction to their information if they feel it is inaccurate or incomplete. To strike the optimal balance between program objectives and privacy protection, the following steps should be taken:

  1. Wherever possible, collect personal information directly from the individual or from their authorized representative. This allows the individual to understand and consent to how their information will be used by the program.
  2. Explain (verbally or in writing):
    • the authority under which the program operates (i.e., the DFAIT Act, section 10(2))
    • why the information is needed
    • how it will be used and with whom it may be shared
    • how it will be protected
    • how the individual may access their information (see footnote below)
    • any consequences of not providing the information
    • that they can withdraw their consent at any time
  3. Document the individual’s consent.
  4. Collect only the information needed for the task at hand – do not over collect. If a breach occurs, the potential damage may be minimized.
  5. Ensure all information is accurate and up to date. The wrong address or a misspelled surname can have serious consequences for an individual.
  6. Classify and handle sensitive information appropriately. If a breach could endanger someone’s personal safety, then the information should be classified and handled as “Protected C”.
  7. Take steps to protect information from unauthorized access. Implement administrative (i.e. “need to know” access only), physical (i.e. locked cabinets) and technological (i.e. encrypted files, networks and transmissions) safeguards.
  8. Only use and disclose information for the purposes consented to in step 2. In emergencies, non-consensual disclosures for new purposes can be made under Section 8(2)(m) of the Privacy Act, but only with prior approval from ATIP-DCP. Contact ATIP-DCP for more information.
  9. Limit disclosures to only that information needed for the task at hand. Document each disclosure. Record 1) what was disclosed; 2) by whom; 3) to whom; 4) when; and 5) for what purpose. Ask recipients to respect the terms under which the information was initially collected.
  10. Keep personal information for at least two years after its last administrative use (i.e. when it was last used to help make a decision about someone), so that individuals have enough time to exercise their access and correction rights if they choose to do so.
  11. If a privacy breach happens, contact ATIP-DCP immediately.

Information about individuals collected from public sources does not fall under the Privacy Act.

Appendix B: Existing Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders

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